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The seminar discussed the challenges and opportunities related to the integration of Ukrainian agriculture into the European market, a process that became particularly important after Ukraine started its EU accession process. Both Polish and Ukrainian agriculture share common traits, such as high food self-sufficiency levels and significant economic importance. However, there are notable differences—Ukraine has far larger agricultural resources, though its agricultural sector is underfunded, while Poland has made considerable progress due to EU support. A key concern is the risk of excessive competition between countries, which could harm European farmers. Experts emphasized that the development of Ukrainian agriculture should be based on synergy, and the accession process will require long-term negotiations and transitional periods. Differences in export structures were also discussed—Ukraine focuses on agricultural raw materials like grains and oils, while Polish exports are more diversified. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) will need to be reformed to support the agricultural sectors of both countries in a sustainable way, considering new challenges and promoting environmentally friendly practices.

The Mediterranean region is warming 20% faster than the global average, and population growth, tourism, and industrialisation are increasing pressure on its energy resources, which remain heavily reliant on fossil fuels. Despite vast renewable energy potential, Southern and Eastern Mediterranean countries use only a small share of RES. Decarbonisation is essential to addressing the climate crisis and promoting sustainable growth. Local and regional authorities (LRAs) are key to accelerating an inclusive energy transition. Recommended actions include: – Developing tailored energy transition plans aligned with national and international goals. – Investing in capacity-building and training for local energy management. – Expanding beyond solar energy to include wind, bioenergy, and offshore renewables. – Collaborating across networks to share expertise and promote decentralised solutions. – Engaging communities through awareness campaigns and participatory decision-making. – Offering incentives to attract private investment and streamline processes. – Fostering international cooperation to share resources and innovation. By empowering local actors and promoting collaboration, the Mediterranean can lead a just and sustainable energy transition.

Andrzej Robaszewski is Director of Fiscal Policy Studies and Sustainable Development. His areas of expertise also include EU economic governance, energy markets and ESG.